The Pump which raises Water from Lower Level to Higher Level by the Reciprocating Action of Piston inside the Cylinder is known as Reciprocating Pump.
A Reciprocating Pump,in its simplest form,consists of the following parts,
01)A Cylinder in which Piston works.The movement of Piston is obtained by a Connecting Rod,which connects the Piston and the Rotating Crank.
02)A Suction Pipe,connecting the source of Water and the Cylinder.
03)A Delivery Pipe,into which the Water is Discharged from the Cylinder.
04)A Suction Valve,which admits the flow from the Suction Pipe into the Cylinder.
05)A Delivery Valve,which admits the flow from the Cylinder into the Delivery Pipe.
During the Suction Stroke,the Piston moves from Zero to 180 Degree (which means towards right direction).Thus creating Vaccume in the Cylinder.This Vaccume causes the Suction Valve to open and Water enters the Cylinder.
During Delivery Stroke,the Piston moves from 180 Degree to 360 Degree (which means towards left direction).Thus increase pressure in the Cylinder.Due toincrease in Pressure,causes the Suction Valve to close and Delivery Valve to open,and Water is Forced into the Delivery Pipe.
A Hydraulic Reciprocating Pump,is also called a Positive Displacement Pump,as it discharge a definite quantity of Liquid during the Displacement of its Piston.This is why a Hydraulic Reciprocating Pump is ideally suitable for Grouting Operations in Dam Foundation.
To obtain a uniform Discharge from Reciprocating Pump,the Air Vessels are fitted to the Suction and Deliver Pipe,close to the Cylinder of the Pump.
An Air Vessel is a Cast Iron closed chamber,having an opening at its base,through which the water flows into the Vessel or from the Vessel.The Vessel is filled with Compressed Air.
Above description will definitely clear your idea about working of Hydraulic Reciprocating Pump.
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Showing posts with label Hydraulics Engineering. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hydraulics Engineering. Show all posts
Thursday
Why Piping System in Centrifugal Pump is so Important?
The Pump,which raises Water or a Liquid,from Lower Level to Higher Level by the Action of Centrifugal Force,is known as Centrifugal Pump.
This is the Machine which converts Mechanical Energy into Pressure Energy.
The Action of Centrifugal Pump is that of a Reversed Reaction Turbine.In Centrifugal Pump,the Water enters the Impeller Radially and leaves the Vanes Axially.
The successful working of Centrifugal Pump depends upon the correct selection and layout of its Piping System.An extreme care should always be taken in selecting the size of the pipe and their arrangement.
In general,Centrifugal Pump has,
01)Suction Pipe.
02)Delivery Pipe.
Suction Pipe:-
The Suction Pipe of Centrifugal Pump,plays an important role in the successful and smooth working of the Pump.A poorly designed Suction Pipe causes insufficient Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH),Vibration,Noise,Water Hammer,Excessive Wear etc.
While laying the pipe,a great care should be taken to make it Air Tight.
To avoid the entry of Foreign Matter,a Strainer Foot Valve is connected at the bottom of the Suction Pipe.
Since the Pressure at the Inlet of the Pump is Suction,which is also known as Negative and its value is limited to avoid Cavitation,it is therefore essentialthat the losses in the Suction Pipe should be as small as possible.For this purpose,bends in the Suction pipe are avoided and its diameter is often kept larger.
Double Suction Pump are those in which,the Suction Pipe is branched into two parts and the liquid is allowed to enter the Impeller from both sides.The Axial Thrust in Double Suction Pump is considerbly low.
Delivery Pipe:-
In order to protect the Pump from Water Hammer and to regulate the discharge from the Pump,a Check Valve is provided in the Delivery Pipe,near the Pump.The size and length of the Delivery Pipe depends upon the requirment.
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Are you interested to know,How Hydraulic Crane works?
How you can Measure the River Discharge?
Why Surge Tank is required in HydroElectric Power Plant?
This is the Machine which converts Mechanical Energy into Pressure Energy.
The Action of Centrifugal Pump is that of a Reversed Reaction Turbine.In Centrifugal Pump,the Water enters the Impeller Radially and leaves the Vanes Axially.
The successful working of Centrifugal Pump depends upon the correct selection and layout of its Piping System.An extreme care should always be taken in selecting the size of the pipe and their arrangement.
In general,Centrifugal Pump has,
01)Suction Pipe.
02)Delivery Pipe.
Suction Pipe:-
The Suction Pipe of Centrifugal Pump,plays an important role in the successful and smooth working of the Pump.A poorly designed Suction Pipe causes insufficient Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH),Vibration,Noise,Water Hammer,Excessive Wear etc.
While laying the pipe,a great care should be taken to make it Air Tight.
To avoid the entry of Foreign Matter,a Strainer Foot Valve is connected at the bottom of the Suction Pipe.
Since the Pressure at the Inlet of the Pump is Suction,which is also known as Negative and its value is limited to avoid Cavitation,it is therefore essentialthat the losses in the Suction Pipe should be as small as possible.For this purpose,bends in the Suction pipe are avoided and its diameter is often kept larger.
Double Suction Pump are those in which,the Suction Pipe is branched into two parts and the liquid is allowed to enter the Impeller from both sides.The Axial Thrust in Double Suction Pump is considerbly low.
Delivery Pipe:-
In order to protect the Pump from Water Hammer and to regulate the discharge from the Pump,a Check Valve is provided in the Delivery Pipe,near the Pump.The size and length of the Delivery Pipe depends upon the requirment.
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Are you interested to know,How Hydraulic Crane works?
How you can Measure the River Discharge?
Why Surge Tank is required in HydroElectric Power Plant?
Wednesday
Are you interested to know,How Hydraulic Crane works?
Many of us know that Crane is a Device which is used to lift the Heavy Loads for transferring or shifting purpose.
These Cranes have different types of Working Priniciple and Driving Media.You can operate Crane by Electric Power or by Water also.
Electric Driven Cranes are used in Engineering Manufacturing Plants where as Hydraulic Cranes are widely used on Dock Siding,Warehouse or Big Workshops.
In this post I will cover the details about Hydraulic Crane.A Hydraulic Crane can lift a heavy load upto 250 Tonnes in weight.
A Hydraulic Crane in its simplest form consist of a Vertical Post,Tie and Jib having Guiding Pulleys.All these parts are basic requirment of a Hydraulic Crane.
A Jigger is provided near the foot of Vertical Crane Post.The Jigger consist s of a fixed Cylinder,having a Pulley Block and containing a Sliding Ram.One endof the Ram is in contact with Water and other carries a Pulley Block.
A Chain or Wire Rope,one end of which is fixed,is taken round all the Pulleys of the two Blocks,through the Vertical Post and finally over the Guide Pulleys.
A Hook is attached to the other end of the Rope for handling the Load.There is a pipe connection for supplying water under High Pressure to the fixed Cylinder of the Jigger.
The Load to be lifted,is suspended on the free end of the Wire Rope.The Water,under High Pressure,is admitted into the Cylinder of Jigger.This Water,Forces the Sliding Ram to move towards the left.
This outward movement of the Sliding Ram,makes the Pulley Block to move outwards.Due to the increased distance between the two Pulley Blocks,the Wire Rope is pulled and the load is lifted up.
If the load is required to be shifted,the Vertical Post,of the Hydraulic Crane,can be rotated through the desired Horizontal Angle.
I hope,now you understand the working of hydraulic Crane.
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Details about Current Meter.
Which are the Important Hydraulic Coefficients used in Hydraulic Engineering.
Some important terms used in Hydraulics Engineering.
These Cranes have different types of Working Priniciple and Driving Media.You can operate Crane by Electric Power or by Water also.
Electric Driven Cranes are used in Engineering Manufacturing Plants where as Hydraulic Cranes are widely used on Dock Siding,Warehouse or Big Workshops.
In this post I will cover the details about Hydraulic Crane.A Hydraulic Crane can lift a heavy load upto 250 Tonnes in weight.
A Hydraulic Crane in its simplest form consist of a Vertical Post,Tie and Jib having Guiding Pulleys.All these parts are basic requirment of a Hydraulic Crane.
A Jigger is provided near the foot of Vertical Crane Post.The Jigger consist s of a fixed Cylinder,having a Pulley Block and containing a Sliding Ram.One endof the Ram is in contact with Water and other carries a Pulley Block.
A Chain or Wire Rope,one end of which is fixed,is taken round all the Pulleys of the two Blocks,through the Vertical Post and finally over the Guide Pulleys.
A Hook is attached to the other end of the Rope for handling the Load.There is a pipe connection for supplying water under High Pressure to the fixed Cylinder of the Jigger.
The Load to be lifted,is suspended on the free end of the Wire Rope.The Water,under High Pressure,is admitted into the Cylinder of Jigger.This Water,Forces the Sliding Ram to move towards the left.
This outward movement of the Sliding Ram,makes the Pulley Block to move outwards.Due to the increased distance between the two Pulley Blocks,the Wire Rope is pulled and the load is lifted up.
If the load is required to be shifted,the Vertical Post,of the Hydraulic Crane,can be rotated through the desired Horizontal Angle.
I hope,now you understand the working of hydraulic Crane.
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Details about Current Meter.
Which are the Important Hydraulic Coefficients used in Hydraulic Engineering.
Some important terms used in Hydraulics Engineering.
Monday
Details About Current Meter.
To Measure Average Velocity of Different Methods can be used in hydraulics engineering.Out of that Floats and Pitot Tube is already covered in earlier posts.In this post I will cover "Current Meter" which is used to Measure Average Velocity of Flow.This Average Velocity of Flow is required to Measure the River Discharge
Current Meter:-
It consist of a Wheel containing Blades or Cups which are Rotate by the Flowing Water.A Electric Current is supplied to Wheel by means of Wire.
A Rotation of Wheel makes and breaks the Electric Circuit,which causes an Electric Bell to Ring.The Velocity of Flowing Water is obtained by counting the ringing of the Bell,the Rotation at Wheel.
The Current Meter is suspended by means of a fine cable and lowered to the required Depth.The Current Meter is free to move about its Horizontal and Vertical Axis,so that it can Adjust itself with the Direction of Water Flow.
Rating of Current Meter:-
The process of obtaining the relationship between the number of Electric Signals,Transmitted from Current Meter in unit time,and the Velocity of Flowing Water,Flowing past the Meter is known as the Rating of Current Meter
By Rating Curve or Rating Table,we can Directly obtain the Velocity of Water with the corresponding Signals.
Precautions for Rating of Current Meter:-
01)The Water in the Rating Tank must be allowed to come completely to rest,after each run and beginning of the next.
02)The Current Meter must not be allowed to approach too closely to the sides or bottom of the Rating Channel.
03)The Rating Channel should not be less than 2 meter wide and 1.5 meter Deep.It should be long enough to permit a clear run at a Constant Speed for at least 15 meters.
04)The Current Meter should be supported by the same type of Rod or Cable,which is intended to be used during the Velocity observations in Field.
Current Meter:-
It consist of a Wheel containing Blades or Cups which are Rotate by the Flowing Water.A Electric Current is supplied to Wheel by means of Wire.
A Rotation of Wheel makes and breaks the Electric Circuit,which causes an Electric Bell to Ring.The Velocity of Flowing Water is obtained by counting the ringing of the Bell,the Rotation at Wheel.
The Current Meter is suspended by means of a fine cable and lowered to the required Depth.The Current Meter is free to move about its Horizontal and Vertical Axis,so that it can Adjust itself with the Direction of Water Flow.
Rating of Current Meter:-
The process of obtaining the relationship between the number of Electric Signals,Transmitted from Current Meter in unit time,and the Velocity of Flowing Water,Flowing past the Meter is known as the Rating of Current Meter
By Rating Curve or Rating Table,we can Directly obtain the Velocity of Water with the corresponding Signals.
Precautions for Rating of Current Meter:-
01)The Water in the Rating Tank must be allowed to come completely to rest,after each run and beginning of the next.
02)The Current Meter must not be allowed to approach too closely to the sides or bottom of the Rating Channel.
03)The Rating Channel should not be less than 2 meter wide and 1.5 meter Deep.It should be long enough to permit a clear run at a Constant Speed for at least 15 meters.
04)The Current Meter should be supported by the same type of Rod or Cable,which is intended to be used during the Velocity observations in Field.
Sunday
How You Can Measure The River Discharge?
For various purpose,the Measurement of River Discharge is required.It requires lot of Skill and the Accuracy.To Measure the Discharge of River,we require
01)Area of Flow
02)Average Velocity of Flow.
With this Data we can Calculate
Discharge=Area of Flow X Average Velocity of Flow.
To Calculate Area of Flow,we can use following Methods
A)Simple Segment Method:-
In this Method,the whole Width of River is divided into a number of Segment at Length,say L1,L2,L3 (Length of Segments) and at Depth say d1,d2,d3 (mean Depth of Segment).Now,the Area of Flow is Sum of all Area of Segments.(L1d1+L2d2+L3d3..................)
B)Simpson's Rule:-
In this Method,the whole Width of River is divided into an even number of equal Segments,so that there are odd number of Depths taken at the end of each Segment.
02)Average Velocity of Flow:-
To Measure Average Velocity of Flow following are three important Methods we can use.
A)Floats
B)Pitot Tube
C)Current Meter
Out of that Pitot Tube is already covered in earlier post.In this post I will cover Details about Floats and in next post,you will come to know about Current Meter.
A)Floats:-
With the help of Single Float,the Surface Velocity,at any section of River can be easily obtained.For this we have to count time taken by the Float to Travel known Distance.The Velocity is Calculate by dividing the distance travelled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.
This Surface Velocity is then converted into an Average Velocity.To obtain Average Velocity directly,a Double Float or Rod Float is used.
01)Double Float:-
It consist of two Floats connected by a Wire or String.One Float is a Small Wooden Float,which Floats on Surface of River .Another is a Hallow Metallic Sphere which is heavier than Water is suspended from the former by a Wire or String,connecting the two Floats,in such that,the Lower Metallic Float is at Depth of 6/10 of the Total Depth of Flow,as the Average Velocity of Flow exists at a Depth of 6/10 to the Total Depth.
The Velocity of Flow then Calculate by Dividing the distance travelled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.This Method Directly gives the Value of Average Velocity.
02)Rod Float:-
It consist of a Wooden Rod or a Metallic Rod Weighted at the bottom,so as to keep it Vertical or Inclined while travelling.
The Length of the Rod is so adjusted that it should not touch the Weeds at bottom of the River and its top should be above the Water Surface.A Telescope Rod may be used to suit different Depths.A section free from Weeds must be chosen to avoid possibilities of the Weeds at the bottom of River to Interface with Rod Float.
01)Area of Flow
02)Average Velocity of Flow.
With this Data we can Calculate
Discharge=Area of Flow X Average Velocity of Flow.
To Calculate Area of Flow,we can use following Methods
A)Simple Segment Method:-
In this Method,the whole Width of River is divided into a number of Segment at Length,say L1,L2,L3 (Length of Segments) and at Depth say d1,d2,d3 (mean Depth of Segment).Now,the Area of Flow is Sum of all Area of Segments.(L1d1+L2d2+L3d3..................)
B)Simpson's Rule:-
In this Method,the whole Width of River is divided into an even number of equal Segments,so that there are odd number of Depths taken at the end of each Segment.
02)Average Velocity of Flow:-
To Measure Average Velocity of Flow following are three important Methods we can use.
A)Floats
B)Pitot Tube
C)Current Meter
Out of that Pitot Tube is already covered in earlier post.In this post I will cover Details about Floats and in next post,you will come to know about Current Meter.
A)Floats:-
With the help of Single Float,the Surface Velocity,at any section of River can be easily obtained.For this we have to count time taken by the Float to Travel known Distance.The Velocity is Calculate by dividing the distance travelled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.
This Surface Velocity is then converted into an Average Velocity.To obtain Average Velocity directly,a Double Float or Rod Float is used.
01)Double Float:-
It consist of two Floats connected by a Wire or String.One Float is a Small Wooden Float,which Floats on Surface of River .Another is a Hallow Metallic Sphere which is heavier than Water is suspended from the former by a Wire or String,connecting the two Floats,in such that,the Lower Metallic Float is at Depth of 6/10 of the Total Depth of Flow,as the Average Velocity of Flow exists at a Depth of 6/10 to the Total Depth.
The Velocity of Flow then Calculate by Dividing the distance travelled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.This Method Directly gives the Value of Average Velocity.
02)Rod Float:-
It consist of a Wooden Rod or a Metallic Rod Weighted at the bottom,so as to keep it Vertical or Inclined while travelling.
The Length of the Rod is so adjusted that it should not touch the Weeds at bottom of the River and its top should be above the Water Surface.A Telescope Rod may be used to suit different Depths.A section free from Weeds must be chosen to avoid possibilities of the Weeds at the bottom of River to Interface with Rod Float.
Why Surge Tank Is Rquired in Hydro Electric Power Plant?
In Hydro Electric Power Plant Water is used to generate Power by using some Hydraulic Machines.For the smooth operation of Power Plant some necessary arrangements are required,Surge Tank is one of them.
The requirement of Surge Tank is due to some problems which occurred in Water Flow.First I will cover the possible problems in Flowing Water,these are,
A)Water Hammer:-
Due to Motion,Water possess some Momentum.This Momentum is destroyed,if the Flowing water is suddenly brought to rest,by closing the Valve.
A very High Pressure is developed on Valve.This High Pressure is followed by a series of Pressure Vibrations,resulting noise in pipe.This noise is known as "Knocking".
The sudden rise in Pressure has the effect of Hammering Action on the walls of pipe, known as Water Hammer.This Water Hammer can burst the pipe
In Hydro Electric Power Plant,the requirement of Water goes on changing,that's why it is essential to increase or decrease the Discharge flowing through the pipe line.
Whenever the requirement of Water suddenly decreased,the Valve must suddenly closed,resulting a very High Pressure developed in entire pipe line between the Reservoir and the Turbine.This is happened due to Water Hammer.
To overcome this problem,a Storage Reservoir called as "Pen Stock" is fitted at some opening made on the pipe line in order to store Water when the Valve is suddenly closed, or to discharge Water when increased discharged is required.Such a Storage Reservoir is known as "Surge Tank".
Functions of Surge Tank.01)To control the Pressure Variations,due to rapid changes in the pipeline flow,thus eliminating Water Hammer possibilities.
02)To regulate the flow of Water to the Turbine by providing necessary retarding Head of Water.
The Surge Tanks are placed near to the Turbine.The Height of Surge Tank is generally kept above the maximum Water Level in the supply Level Reservoir.
There are three important types of Surge Tanks used in Hydro Electric Power Plant.
01)Simple Surge Tank
02)Restricted Orifice type Surge Tank
03)Differential Surge Tank.
The requirement of Surge Tank is due to some problems which occurred in Water Flow.First I will cover the possible problems in Flowing Water,these are,
A)Water Hammer:-
Due to Motion,Water possess some Momentum.This Momentum is destroyed,if the Flowing water is suddenly brought to rest,by closing the Valve.
A very High Pressure is developed on Valve.This High Pressure is followed by a series of Pressure Vibrations,resulting noise in pipe.This noise is known as "Knocking".
The sudden rise in Pressure has the effect of Hammering Action on the walls of pipe, known as Water Hammer.This Water Hammer can burst the pipe
In Hydro Electric Power Plant,the requirement of Water goes on changing,that's why it is essential to increase or decrease the Discharge flowing through the pipe line.
Whenever the requirement of Water suddenly decreased,the Valve must suddenly closed,resulting a very High Pressure developed in entire pipe line between the Reservoir and the Turbine.This is happened due to Water Hammer.
To overcome this problem,a Storage Reservoir called as "Pen Stock" is fitted at some opening made on the pipe line in order to store Water when the Valve is suddenly closed, or to discharge Water when increased discharged is required.Such a Storage Reservoir is known as "Surge Tank".
Functions of Surge Tank.01)To control the Pressure Variations,due to rapid changes in the pipeline flow,thus eliminating Water Hammer possibilities.
02)To regulate the flow of Water to the Turbine by providing necessary retarding Head of Water.
The Surge Tanks are placed near to the Turbine.The Height of Surge Tank is generally kept above the maximum Water Level in the supply Level Reservoir.
There are three important types of Surge Tanks used in Hydro Electric Power Plant.
01)Simple Surge Tank
02)Restricted Orifice type Surge Tank
03)Differential Surge Tank.
Saturday
Which Are The Important Hydraulic Coefficients Used in Hydraulic Engineering.
Before entering into the details of the Hydraulic Coefficients,following definitions must be clearly understood by an engineering student.This will help you to better understand about following Hydraulic Coefficients.
A)Jet of Water:-
The Continuous Stream of Liquid,that comes out or flows out of an Orifice,is known as "Jet of Water".
B)Vena Contracta:-
When a Tank fitted with an Orifice,the Liquid Particles,in order to Flow out through the Orifice,moves towards the Orifice from all Directions.A few of the particles first moves downward,then take a turn to enter into the Orifice,and then finally Flow through it.
While taking turn to enter into to the Orifice,the Liquid Particles lose some Energy.Due to which,it is observed that the Jet after leaving the Orifice,gets contracted.
The maximum Contraction takes place at a section slightly on the downstream side of a Orifice,where the Jet of Water is more or less Horizontal.Such a section is known as "Vena Contracta"
Now we will see the four important Hydraulic Coefficients.These Coefficients are also known as Orifice Coefficients.
01)Coefficient of Contraction:-
The ratio of Area of the Jet at Vena Contracta,to the Area of the Orifice,is known as "Coefficient of Contraction".Its value will varies slightly with the available Head of the liquid,size and shape of the Orifice.
An Average Value of Coefficient of Contraction is 0.64
02)Coefficient of Velocity:-
The ratio of Actual Velocity of Jet at Vena Contracta,to the Theoretical Velocity is known as "Coefficient of Velocity".The difference occurs between the Velocities due to Friction of the Orifice.
For the Sharp Edge Orifice,the Value of Coefficient of Velocity increases with the Head of Water.
03)Coefficient of Discharge:-
The ratio of a Actual Discharge through an Orifice to the Theoretical Discharge,is known as "Coefficient of Discharge".
The Value of Coefficient of Discharge varies with the Value of Coefficient of Contraction and Coefficient of Velocity.An average is about 0.62
04)Coefficient of Resistance:-
The ratio of Loss of Head in the Orifice to the Head of water available at the exit of the Orifice is known as "Coefficient of Resistance".
The Coefficient of Resistance generally neglected,while solving numerical problems.
A)Jet of Water:-
The Continuous Stream of Liquid,that comes out or flows out of an Orifice,is known as "Jet of Water".
B)Vena Contracta:-
When a Tank fitted with an Orifice,the Liquid Particles,in order to Flow out through the Orifice,moves towards the Orifice from all Directions.A few of the particles first moves downward,then take a turn to enter into the Orifice,and then finally Flow through it.
While taking turn to enter into to the Orifice,the Liquid Particles lose some Energy.Due to which,it is observed that the Jet after leaving the Orifice,gets contracted.
The maximum Contraction takes place at a section slightly on the downstream side of a Orifice,where the Jet of Water is more or less Horizontal.Such a section is known as "Vena Contracta"
Now we will see the four important Hydraulic Coefficients.These Coefficients are also known as Orifice Coefficients.
01)Coefficient of Contraction:-
The ratio of Area of the Jet at Vena Contracta,to the Area of the Orifice,is known as "Coefficient of Contraction".Its value will varies slightly with the available Head of the liquid,size and shape of the Orifice.
An Average Value of Coefficient of Contraction is 0.64
02)Coefficient of Velocity:-
The ratio of Actual Velocity of Jet at Vena Contracta,to the Theoretical Velocity is known as "Coefficient of Velocity".The difference occurs between the Velocities due to Friction of the Orifice.
For the Sharp Edge Orifice,the Value of Coefficient of Velocity increases with the Head of Water.
03)Coefficient of Discharge:-
The ratio of a Actual Discharge through an Orifice to the Theoretical Discharge,is known as "Coefficient of Discharge".
The Value of Coefficient of Discharge varies with the Value of Coefficient of Contraction and Coefficient of Velocity.An average is about 0.62
04)Coefficient of Resistance:-
The ratio of Loss of Head in the Orifice to the Head of water available at the exit of the Orifice is known as "Coefficient of Resistance".
The Coefficient of Resistance generally neglected,while solving numerical problems.
Practicle Application Of Bernoulli's Equation On Hydraulic Devices.
Bernoulli's Equation has widest application in Hydraulics and Applied Hydraulics.It is used for derivation of many Formula.In this post I will cover its Application on the following Hydraulic Devices.
01)Venturimeter:-
The Venturimeter is an apparatus,for finding out the Discharge of a Liquid Flowing through a pipe.
Venturimeter has consist of three parts,
A)Convergent Cone:-
It is the short pipe which converges from Diameter d1 to a smaller Diameter d2.It is also known as "Inlet" of venturimeter.The slope of Converging sides is between 1 in 4 or 1 in 5.
B)Throat:-
It is small portion of circular pipe,in which the Diameter d2 is kept constant.
C)Divergent Cone:-
It is a pipe,which Diverges from Diameter d2 to a large Diameter d1.It is also known as "Outlet" of the Venturimeter.The Length of the Divergent Cone is about 3 to 4 times than that of the Convergent Cone.
02)Orifice Meter:-
This is used to measure the Discharge in a pipe.An Orifice Meter in its simplest form,consist of a Plate having a Sharp Edge circular Hole,known as "Orifice"
This Plate is fixed inside the pipe.The Mercury Manometer is inserted to know the difference of Pressure between the pipe and the Orifice.
03)Pitot Tube:-
It is the instrument to determine the Velocity of Flow at the required point in a pipe or stream.Pitot Tube consist of a glass Tube bent through 90 degree.
The lower end of the Tube faces the direction of Flow.The Liquid rises up in the tube to the Pressure exerted by the Flowing Liquid.By measuring the rise of a Liquid in the Tube,we an find out,the Velocity of the Liquid Flow.
01)Venturimeter:-
The Venturimeter is an apparatus,for finding out the Discharge of a Liquid Flowing through a pipe.
Venturimeter has consist of three parts,
A)Convergent Cone:-
It is the short pipe which converges from Diameter d1 to a smaller Diameter d2.It is also known as "Inlet" of venturimeter.The slope of Converging sides is between 1 in 4 or 1 in 5.
B)Throat:-
It is small portion of circular pipe,in which the Diameter d2 is kept constant.
C)Divergent Cone:-
It is a pipe,which Diverges from Diameter d2 to a large Diameter d1.It is also known as "Outlet" of the Venturimeter.The Length of the Divergent Cone is about 3 to 4 times than that of the Convergent Cone.
02)Orifice Meter:-
This is used to measure the Discharge in a pipe.An Orifice Meter in its simplest form,consist of a Plate having a Sharp Edge circular Hole,known as "Orifice"
This Plate is fixed inside the pipe.The Mercury Manometer is inserted to know the difference of Pressure between the pipe and the Orifice.
03)Pitot Tube:-
It is the instrument to determine the Velocity of Flow at the required point in a pipe or stream.Pitot Tube consist of a glass Tube bent through 90 degree.
The lower end of the Tube faces the direction of Flow.The Liquid rises up in the tube to the Pressure exerted by the Flowing Liquid.By measuring the rise of a Liquid in the Tube,we an find out,the Velocity of the Liquid Flow.
What Is Bernoulli's Equation And Its Limitations.
In Hydrodynamics the Motion of Liquid and the Forces causing Flow are covered.In this post,I will cover some topics of Hydrodynamics.
Energy of a Liquid in Motion.
Energy means the capacity to do work.Mainly three important Energy Forms are possessed by a Liquid,these are as follows.
01)Potential Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its position.
02)Kinetic Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its Motion or Velocity.
03)Pressure Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its existing Pressure.
Bernoulli's Equation:-
It states that "For a perfect Incompressible Liquid,flowing in a continuous Stream,the total Energy of a particle remain the same,while the particle moves from one point to another".There is one assumption that "there are no Friction Losses in Pipe".
Limitation of Bernoulli's Equation:-
01)The Velocity of Liquid particle in the centre of a pipe is maximum and gradually decreases towards the walls of the pipe due to friction.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation,only the Mean Velocity of the Liquid should be taken into account because the Velocity of Liquid particles is not uniform.As per assumption it is not practical.
02)There are always some external Forces acting on the Liquid,which affects the Flow of Liquid.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation,all such external forces are neglected which is not happened in actual practise.If some Energy is supplied to or extracted from the Flow,same should also taken into account.
03)In Turbulent Flow some Kinetic Energy is converted into Heat Energy and in a Viscous Flow some Energy is lost due to Shear Forces.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation all such losses should be neglected,which is not happened in actual practise.
04)If the Liquid is Flowing through curved path,the Energy due to Centrifugal Forces should also be taken into account.
Energy of a Liquid in Motion.
Energy means the capacity to do work.Mainly three important Energy Forms are possessed by a Liquid,these are as follows.
01)Potential Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its position.
02)Kinetic Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its Motion or Velocity.
03)Pressure Energy:-
It is the Energy possessed by a Liquid particle,by virtue of its existing Pressure.
Bernoulli's Equation:-
It states that "For a perfect Incompressible Liquid,flowing in a continuous Stream,the total Energy of a particle remain the same,while the particle moves from one point to another".There is one assumption that "there are no Friction Losses in Pipe".
Limitation of Bernoulli's Equation:-
01)The Velocity of Liquid particle in the centre of a pipe is maximum and gradually decreases towards the walls of the pipe due to friction.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation,only the Mean Velocity of the Liquid should be taken into account because the Velocity of Liquid particles is not uniform.As per assumption it is not practical.
02)There are always some external Forces acting on the Liquid,which affects the Flow of Liquid.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation,all such external forces are neglected which is not happened in actual practise.If some Energy is supplied to or extracted from the Flow,same should also taken into account.
03)In Turbulent Flow some Kinetic Energy is converted into Heat Energy and in a Viscous Flow some Energy is lost due to Shear Forces.Thus while using Bernoulli's Equation all such losses should be neglected,which is not happened in actual practise.
04)If the Liquid is Flowing through curved path,the Energy due to Centrifugal Forces should also be taken into account.
Friday
Which Mechanical Gauges Are Used To Measured Fluid Pressure?
A Mechanical gauge is best to measure High Fluid Pressure,where Tube Gauge cannot be conveniently used.The principle on which all Gauges work is almost same.Following three types of Gauges are more important from subject point of view.
01)Bourdon's Tube Pressure Gauge:-
The Bourdon's Tube Pressure Gauge is most suitable to measure the pressure of fluid,above or below the Atmosphere Pressure.In its simplest form,consists of an elliptical tube ABC,bent into an arc of a circle.
This bent-up tube is connected to the fluid at C (inlet of Fluid),the pressurised fluid flows into the tube,as a result of the increased Pressure,tends to straighten itself.
The tube tends to become circular as it is encased in circular cover.With the help of simple Pinion and Sector arrangement,the elastic deformation of the Bourdon's tube rotates the Pointer.This Pointer moves over a Calibrated Scale.Which directly shows the Pressure.
02)Diaphragm Pressure Gauge:-
This Pressure Gauge is also used to found out the Pressure of a Fluid,above or below Atmosphere Pressure.Instead of Bourdon's tube a Corrugated Diaphragm is used,hence it is called Diaphragm Pressure Gauge.
When the Gauge is connected to the Fluid at C(inlet of Fluid), causes some deformation of the Diaphragm due to fluid pressure.With the help of some Pinion arrangement,the elastic deformation of the Diaphragm rotates the Pointer.This Pointer moves over the Calibrated Scale.Which directly shows the Pressure.
A Diaphragm Pressure Gauge is generally,used to measure relatively Low pressure.
03)Dead Weight Pressure Gauge:-
This type of Pressure Gauge is generally used for the Calibration of the other Pressure Gauge in a Laboratory.In its simplest form,consist of a Piston and a Cylinder of known area and connected to a Fluid by a Tube.
A Pressure Gauge,to be Calibrated,is fitted on the other end of the tube.By changing the Weight,on the Piston,the Pressure on the Fluid is calculated and marked on the Pointer.
By taking adequate precaution,a small error due to Frictional Resistance to the Motion of the Piston,an be avoided.
01)Bourdon's Tube Pressure Gauge:-
The Bourdon's Tube Pressure Gauge is most suitable to measure the pressure of fluid,above or below the Atmosphere Pressure.In its simplest form,consists of an elliptical tube ABC,bent into an arc of a circle.
This bent-up tube is connected to the fluid at C (inlet of Fluid),the pressurised fluid flows into the tube,as a result of the increased Pressure,tends to straighten itself.
The tube tends to become circular as it is encased in circular cover.With the help of simple Pinion and Sector arrangement,the elastic deformation of the Bourdon's tube rotates the Pointer.This Pointer moves over a Calibrated Scale.Which directly shows the Pressure.
02)Diaphragm Pressure Gauge:-
This Pressure Gauge is also used to found out the Pressure of a Fluid,above or below Atmosphere Pressure.Instead of Bourdon's tube a Corrugated Diaphragm is used,hence it is called Diaphragm Pressure Gauge.
When the Gauge is connected to the Fluid at C(inlet of Fluid), causes some deformation of the Diaphragm due to fluid pressure.With the help of some Pinion arrangement,the elastic deformation of the Diaphragm rotates the Pointer.This Pointer moves over the Calibrated Scale.Which directly shows the Pressure.
A Diaphragm Pressure Gauge is generally,used to measure relatively Low pressure.
03)Dead Weight Pressure Gauge:-
This type of Pressure Gauge is generally used for the Calibration of the other Pressure Gauge in a Laboratory.In its simplest form,consist of a Piston and a Cylinder of known area and connected to a Fluid by a Tube.
A Pressure Gauge,to be Calibrated,is fitted on the other end of the tube.By changing the Weight,on the Piston,the Pressure on the Fluid is calculated and marked on the Pointer.
By taking adequate precaution,a small error due to Frictional Resistance to the Motion of the Piston,an be avoided.
What Are The Practical Applications Of Hydrostatics.
The Hydrostatics Pressure is either utilised in the working of a Hydraulic Structure,or a Structure is checked to withstand the Hydrostatic Pressure exerted on it.
That's why study of Hydrostatics is more important in engineering .In this post I will cover practical applications of Hydrostatics on the following Structures.
01)Water Pressure on Sluice Gate:-
To regulate the flow of Water,in the path of a River,a Sluice Gate is provided.The Sluice Gate is made to move up and down with the help of Rollers fixed on Skin Plate,which travel on Vertical Rails called Guide.
These Rails are fixed on Piers or Vertical Walls.
In between these two Skin Plates,a number of I-beams are provided horizontally to withstand the Water Presure.The spacing between the I-beam is lesser at the bottom than that at top of Sluice Gate,as the Water Pressure varies in the depth.
02)Water Pressure on Lock Gate:-
The Water Level on both sides of the Dam will be different.If it is desired to have Boating in such river,the Chamber,known as Lock,is constructed between these two different Water Levels.Two sets of Lock Gates are provided in order to transfer a Boat from Higher Water Level to Lower Water Level.
The Upstream gates are opened,and the Water Level in the Chamber is rises up to the Upstream Water level.The Boat is then shifted in the chamber,then Upstream Gates are closed and Downstream Gates are opened and the Water Level in the Chamber is lowered to the Downstream Water level.The procedure is reversed for the transfer of Boat from Downstream to Upstream.
03)Water Pressure on Masonry Walls:-
When Water on one side of Masonry Walls,the Water Pressure will act perpendicular to the Wall.A little consideration will show,that the intensity of Pressure at Water Level will be Zero and will be increase by a Straight Line Law to wH at the bottom.
Thus the Pressure of the Water on a Vertical Wall will act through a point at a distance H/3 from the bottom,where H is the depth of Water.
Conditions for Stability of Dam.
01)The Resultant must pass within the base to safeguard Dam against Overturning.
02)The Resultant must pass through the middle third of the base,to avoid tension at the base.
03)To prevent sliding,the maximum Frictional Force should be more than the Horizontal Force.
04)The Maximum Stress developed at the bottom of the Dam should be within the permissible Stress of the site.
That's why study of Hydrostatics is more important in engineering .In this post I will cover practical applications of Hydrostatics on the following Structures.
01)Water Pressure on Sluice Gate:-
To regulate the flow of Water,in the path of a River,a Sluice Gate is provided.The Sluice Gate is made to move up and down with the help of Rollers fixed on Skin Plate,which travel on Vertical Rails called Guide.
These Rails are fixed on Piers or Vertical Walls.
In between these two Skin Plates,a number of I-beams are provided horizontally to withstand the Water Presure.The spacing between the I-beam is lesser at the bottom than that at top of Sluice Gate,as the Water Pressure varies in the depth.
02)Water Pressure on Lock Gate:-
The Water Level on both sides of the Dam will be different.If it is desired to have Boating in such river,the Chamber,known as Lock,is constructed between these two different Water Levels.Two sets of Lock Gates are provided in order to transfer a Boat from Higher Water Level to Lower Water Level.
The Upstream gates are opened,and the Water Level in the Chamber is rises up to the Upstream Water level.The Boat is then shifted in the chamber,then Upstream Gates are closed and Downstream Gates are opened and the Water Level in the Chamber is lowered to the Downstream Water level.The procedure is reversed for the transfer of Boat from Downstream to Upstream.
03)Water Pressure on Masonry Walls:-
When Water on one side of Masonry Walls,the Water Pressure will act perpendicular to the Wall.A little consideration will show,that the intensity of Pressure at Water Level will be Zero and will be increase by a Straight Line Law to wH at the bottom.
Thus the Pressure of the Water on a Vertical Wall will act through a point at a distance H/3 from the bottom,where H is the depth of Water.
Conditions for Stability of Dam.
01)The Resultant must pass within the base to safeguard Dam against Overturning.
02)The Resultant must pass through the middle third of the base,to avoid tension at the base.
03)To prevent sliding,the maximum Frictional Force should be more than the Horizontal Force.
04)The Maximum Stress developed at the bottom of the Dam should be within the permissible Stress of the site.
Thursday
Some Important Terms About Equilibrium Of Floating Body.
We normally see,whenever a body is placed over a Liquid,either it sinks or floats on the Liquid.
The body placed over the Liquid is subjected to the following two forces.
01)Gravitational force.
02)Upthrust of the Liquid.
These two forces acts opposite to each other.If the Gravitational Force is more than the Upthrust of the Liquid,the Body will sink down,if the Gravitational Force is less than the Upthrust of the Liquid,the Body will float.
This will best understood by the Archimede's Principle.
01)Archimede's Principle:-
It states that "Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially in a Fluid,it is lifted up by a force equal to a Weight of Fluid Displaced by the Body".
02)Buoyancy:-
The tendency of a Fluid to uplift a submerged body,because of upward thrust of the Fluid,is known as Buoyancy.It is always equal to the Weight of Fluid Displaced by the Body.
If the Force of the Buoyancy is less than the Weight of the Body,it will sink down.When the Force of the Buoyancy is more than the Weight of the Body,it will pushed up till the Weight of the Fluid Displaced is equal to the Weight of the Body.
03)Centre Of Buoyancy:-
It is the point,through which the force of the Buoyancy is supposed to act.It is always the Centre of Gravity of the Volume of the Liquid Displaced.
04)Metacentre:-
Whenever a body,floating in a Liquid,is given a small angular Displacement,it starts Oscillating about some point.This point,about which Body starts Oscillating,is known as "Metacentre".
05)Metacentric Height:-
The distance between the centre of Gravity of a floating Body,and the Metacentre is called "Metacentric Height".More the Metacentric Height of floating Body,more it will be stable.
The body placed over the Liquid is subjected to the following two forces.
01)Gravitational force.
02)Upthrust of the Liquid.
These two forces acts opposite to each other.If the Gravitational Force is more than the Upthrust of the Liquid,the Body will sink down,if the Gravitational Force is less than the Upthrust of the Liquid,the Body will float.
This will best understood by the Archimede's Principle.
01)Archimede's Principle:-
It states that "Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially in a Fluid,it is lifted up by a force equal to a Weight of Fluid Displaced by the Body".
02)Buoyancy:-
The tendency of a Fluid to uplift a submerged body,because of upward thrust of the Fluid,is known as Buoyancy.It is always equal to the Weight of Fluid Displaced by the Body.
If the Force of the Buoyancy is less than the Weight of the Body,it will sink down.When the Force of the Buoyancy is more than the Weight of the Body,it will pushed up till the Weight of the Fluid Displaced is equal to the Weight of the Body.
03)Centre Of Buoyancy:-
It is the point,through which the force of the Buoyancy is supposed to act.It is always the Centre of Gravity of the Volume of the Liquid Displaced.
04)Metacentre:-
Whenever a body,floating in a Liquid,is given a small angular Displacement,it starts Oscillating about some point.This point,about which Body starts Oscillating,is known as "Metacentre".
05)Metacentric Height:-
The distance between the centre of Gravity of a floating Body,and the Metacentre is called "Metacentric Height".More the Metacentric Height of floating Body,more it will be stable.
How You Can Measure Fluid Pressure?
The Principle of all the Pressure Measuring Devices are almost same,but for our convenient sake,we may divide it into following two types.
01)TUBE GAUGE
02)MECHANICAL GAUGE
In this post I will cover details about Tube Gauges.
Tube Gauges to measure Fluid Pressure.
The Device used to measuring Fluid Pressure,by the Gauges are,
01)Piezometer Tube.
02)Manometer.
Details about Piezometer Tube.
It is the simplest form of Manometer,used for measuring moderate pressure.It consist of a Tube,open at one end to the Atmosphere,in which,Liquid can rise freely without overflow,the Height,to which the Liquid rises up in the Tube,gives the Pressure Head directly.
To find out the Pressure of a Liquid flowing through pipe,a Piezometer Tube is connected to the pipe.The important care to be taken that the Tube should not project inside the pipe beyond the surface,all the burrs and roughness near the hole must be removed and the edge of the hole should be rounded off.
A Piezometer Tube is not suitable for measuring Negative Pressure because Air will enter in the pipe through the Tube.
Details about Manometers.
It is the improved form of a Piezometer Tube.With the help of Manometer,you can measure,High Pressure and Negative Pressure also.
Following are four important types of Manometers.
01)Simple Manometer:-
It is the slightly improved form of Piezometer Tube for measuring High as well as Negative Pressure of Liquid.It consist a tube bent in U-shape,one end of which is attached to the Gauge point and another is open to the Atmosphere.
Generally,Mercury which is 13.6 times heavier than Water is used as Liquid in Simple Manometer.Hence you can measure High Pressure also.
02)Micromanometer:-
It is the modified form of Manometer,in which cross section area of Left Limb is 100 times larger than that of Right Limb.A Micromanometer,is used for measuring Low Pressure,where accuracy is much more important.
These Micromanometer is further divided into two types which are
A)Vertical Tube Micromanometer
B)Inclined Tube Micromanometer
The Inclined Tube Mocromanometer is more sensitive than that of Vertical Tube Micromanometer.
03)Differential Manometer:-
It is the Device used for measuring the difference of Pressures,between two points in a pipe or in two different pipes.
A Differential Manometer,in its simplest form,consists of a U-tube,containing heavy liquid ,whose two ends are connected to the points,whose difference of Pressure is required to be found out.
04)Inverted Differential Manometer:-
It is particular type of Differential Manometer,in which an inverted U-tube is used.It is used for measuring difference of Low Pressures,where accuracy is the prime consideration.
It consists of an Inverted U-Tube,containing a light Liquid whose two ends are connected to the point whose difference of Pressure is to be found out.
01)TUBE GAUGE
02)MECHANICAL GAUGE
In this post I will cover details about Tube Gauges.
Tube Gauges to measure Fluid Pressure.
The Device used to measuring Fluid Pressure,by the Gauges are,
01)Piezometer Tube.
02)Manometer.
Details about Piezometer Tube.
It is the simplest form of Manometer,used for measuring moderate pressure.It consist of a Tube,open at one end to the Atmosphere,in which,Liquid can rise freely without overflow,the Height,to which the Liquid rises up in the Tube,gives the Pressure Head directly.
To find out the Pressure of a Liquid flowing through pipe,a Piezometer Tube is connected to the pipe.The important care to be taken that the Tube should not project inside the pipe beyond the surface,all the burrs and roughness near the hole must be removed and the edge of the hole should be rounded off.
A Piezometer Tube is not suitable for measuring Negative Pressure because Air will enter in the pipe through the Tube.
Details about Manometers.
It is the improved form of a Piezometer Tube.With the help of Manometer,you can measure,High Pressure and Negative Pressure also.
Following are four important types of Manometers.
01)Simple Manometer:-
It is the slightly improved form of Piezometer Tube for measuring High as well as Negative Pressure of Liquid.It consist a tube bent in U-shape,one end of which is attached to the Gauge point and another is open to the Atmosphere.
Generally,Mercury which is 13.6 times heavier than Water is used as Liquid in Simple Manometer.Hence you can measure High Pressure also.
02)Micromanometer:-
It is the modified form of Manometer,in which cross section area of Left Limb is 100 times larger than that of Right Limb.A Micromanometer,is used for measuring Low Pressure,where accuracy is much more important.
These Micromanometer is further divided into two types which are
A)Vertical Tube Micromanometer
B)Inclined Tube Micromanometer
The Inclined Tube Mocromanometer is more sensitive than that of Vertical Tube Micromanometer.
03)Differential Manometer:-
It is the Device used for measuring the difference of Pressures,between two points in a pipe or in two different pipes.
A Differential Manometer,in its simplest form,consists of a U-tube,containing heavy liquid ,whose two ends are connected to the points,whose difference of Pressure is required to be found out.
04)Inverted Differential Manometer:-
It is particular type of Differential Manometer,in which an inverted U-tube is used.It is used for measuring difference of Low Pressures,where accuracy is the prime consideration.
It consists of an Inverted U-Tube,containing a light Liquid whose two ends are connected to the point whose difference of Pressure is to be found out.
Wednesday
3 Important Pressures Of The Fluid.
The Intensity of Pressure at any point in a Fluid is the same in all direction,when it is at rest.
01)Atmospheric Pressure:-
It is established that the Air possesses some Weight and due to its Weight,Air must exert some Pressure on the Surface of the Earth.The Density of Air is different at different heights due to its property of Compressibility.
The Density of Air has also vary from time to time due to change in its Temperature and Humidity.Due to these factors,the Atmospheric Pressure of Air can not be calculated,as is done in case of Liquid.
The Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level is 1.03 kilogram/centimeter square.It can also be expressed as 10.3 meters of water,in terms of equivalent Water Column or 76 centimeter of Mercury in terms of equivalent Mercury Column.
02)Gauge Pressure:-
It is the Pressure measured by Pressure Measuring Instruments.The Atmospheric Pressure on the Gauge Scale is marked as Zero.Actually Gauge Pressure is always above the Atmospheric Pressure.
03)Absolute Pressure:-
It is defined as the sum of Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure.In the case of Vacuums,the Gauge Pressure is Minus,then the Absolute Pressure will be,Atmospheric Pressure minus Gauge Pressure.
If the Pressure Intensity at a point is more than the Local Atmospheric Pressure,the difference of these two Pressure Intensity is called "Positive Gauge Pressure".
However,If the Pressure intensity at a point is less than the Local Atmospheric Pressure,the difference of these two Pressure Intensity is called "Negative Gauge Pressure or Vacuum Pressure".
01)Atmospheric Pressure:-
It is established that the Air possesses some Weight and due to its Weight,Air must exert some Pressure on the Surface of the Earth.The Density of Air is different at different heights due to its property of Compressibility.
The Density of Air has also vary from time to time due to change in its Temperature and Humidity.Due to these factors,the Atmospheric Pressure of Air can not be calculated,as is done in case of Liquid.
The Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level is 1.03 kilogram/centimeter square.It can also be expressed as 10.3 meters of water,in terms of equivalent Water Column or 76 centimeter of Mercury in terms of equivalent Mercury Column.
02)Gauge Pressure:-
It is the Pressure measured by Pressure Measuring Instruments.The Atmospheric Pressure on the Gauge Scale is marked as Zero.Actually Gauge Pressure is always above the Atmospheric Pressure.
03)Absolute Pressure:-
It is defined as the sum of Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure.In the case of Vacuums,the Gauge Pressure is Minus,then the Absolute Pressure will be,Atmospheric Pressure minus Gauge Pressure.
If the Pressure Intensity at a point is more than the Local Atmospheric Pressure,the difference of these two Pressure Intensity is called "Positive Gauge Pressure".
However,If the Pressure intensity at a point is less than the Local Atmospheric Pressure,the difference of these two Pressure Intensity is called "Negative Gauge Pressure or Vacuum Pressure".
Some Important Terms Used In Hydraulics Engineering.
Hydraulic Machines may be defined as that Branch of Engineering,which deals with the Machine run by Water under some head,or rising the Water to some higher level.
The Properties of Water at rest and at motion:-
01)Water keeps its surface level,at rest
02)The Water exerts a uniform Pressure in all direction.
03)The Velocity of Water,in a channel,is more at the centre than at the sides.
04)The Velocity of Water is directly proportional to the slope of the channel bed.
05)The Pressure of the Water is equal to its Weight and thus,the Pressure increases with the depth.
The Important Properties of Liquid.
01)Density of Water:-
The mass per unit Volume at a standard Temperature and Pressure is known as Density of Liquid.It is denoted by "rho".
02)Specific Weight of Water:-
The Weight per unit Volume,at standard Temperature and Pressure is known as Specific Weight of Liquid.Denoted by "w"
03)Specific Gravity of Water:-
It is the ratio of its Specific Weight to that of a standard substance at a standard Temperature.
04)Compressibility of Water:-
The variation in its Volume,with the variation in its Pressure is known as Compressibility of Water.The Water is considered to be an incompressible liquid.
05)Surface Tension of Water:-
It is the property of Water,which enables it to resist Tensile Stress.It is due to Cohesion between the Molecules at the surface of a liquid.Drops of rain water sphere because liquid surface has a tendency to reduce its surface as small as possible.
06)Capillarity of Water:-
The Phenomenon of rising Water in the tube of smaller diameter is called the Capillary rise.
07)Viscosity of Water:-
The property of Liquid which controls its rate of flow is known as "Viscosity of Water".
Difference between Mass and Weight.
A)MASS:-
It is the amount of matter contained in a given body,and does not vary with the change in its position on the Earth's surface.
B)WEIGHT:-
It is the amount of pull,which the Earth exerts upon a given body,therefore the Weight of the body will vary with its position on the earth's surface.
The Properties of Water at rest and at motion:-
01)Water keeps its surface level,at rest
02)The Water exerts a uniform Pressure in all direction.
03)The Velocity of Water,in a channel,is more at the centre than at the sides.
04)The Velocity of Water is directly proportional to the slope of the channel bed.
05)The Pressure of the Water is equal to its Weight and thus,the Pressure increases with the depth.
The Important Properties of Liquid.
01)Density of Water:-
The mass per unit Volume at a standard Temperature and Pressure is known as Density of Liquid.It is denoted by "rho".
02)Specific Weight of Water:-
The Weight per unit Volume,at standard Temperature and Pressure is known as Specific Weight of Liquid.Denoted by "w"
03)Specific Gravity of Water:-
It is the ratio of its Specific Weight to that of a standard substance at a standard Temperature.
04)Compressibility of Water:-
The variation in its Volume,with the variation in its Pressure is known as Compressibility of Water.The Water is considered to be an incompressible liquid.
05)Surface Tension of Water:-
It is the property of Water,which enables it to resist Tensile Stress.It is due to Cohesion between the Molecules at the surface of a liquid.Drops of rain water sphere because liquid surface has a tendency to reduce its surface as small as possible.
06)Capillarity of Water:-
The Phenomenon of rising Water in the tube of smaller diameter is called the Capillary rise.
07)Viscosity of Water:-
The property of Liquid which controls its rate of flow is known as "Viscosity of Water".
Difference between Mass and Weight.
A)MASS:-
It is the amount of matter contained in a given body,and does not vary with the change in its position on the Earth's surface.
B)WEIGHT:-
It is the amount of pull,which the Earth exerts upon a given body,therefore the Weight of the body will vary with its position on the earth's surface.
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